Understanding the Growth and Formation of Synthetic Diamond

Since ancient times, diamond and its associated properties have inspired both intrigue and fascination. For much of this time, the only source of diamond has been those mined out of the ground, meaning limited or restricted access for many. However, as recently as 70 years ago, it was determined that diamond can be successfully synthesised from the much more mundane graphite, opening a multitude of synthetic possibilities. Over the course of this report, the current knowledge of diamond’s properties and its synthesis at high pressure and high temperature is reviewed, in addition to the properties of graphite. Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations for the formation of diamond are also discussed, as well as the spectroscopic analysis of both diamond and graphite. The synthesis, structure and physical properties of different crystallographic diamond defects are also explored. Following this, a new type of high pressure, high temperature apparatus for the manufacture of diamond-based materials is discussed, with a particular emphasis on the formation of poly-crystalline diamond composites. Exploration of the high-performance materials that allow this design to efficiently function under the extremely harsh conditions required for diamond synthesis is also undertaken, with a focus on the synthesis of carbon-fibre carbon frameworks. Finally, in light of the results obtained, future research surrounding the understanding of diamond formation, as well as the material considerations of this new approach is outlined.